Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

The binomial theorem, as stated above, and the triangular arrangement of the binomial coefficients, known as Pascal's Triangle, are attributed to Blaise Pascal in the 17th century.  There is evidence to suggest, however, that mathematicians knew of this formula perhaps as early as the 13th century.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) generalized the binomial theorem for any exponent, including complex numbers.  Newton worked on his discoveries during an 18 month retreat to the country to avoid outbreaks of the plague.  His generalized binomial theorem is engraved on his tomb in Westminster Abbey.