1. lower living standards for industrial workers
2. decreased economic rivalry between kings
3. increased political power for the clergy
4. development of towns and cities

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Medieval cities were supported by trade, exchange, production, consumption, and moneymaking. Many of the businesses that exist today, such as banks and corporations, can trace their ancestry to the Middle Ages.

1. were forbidden by the Catholic Church for religious reasons
2. had not yet been introduced to Europe from the New World
3. were believed to be poisonous
4. were too expensive to import from China

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: Corn and potatoes were introduced to Europe after explorers returned with them from their voyages to the Americas.

1. the Guild
2. Knighthood
3. the Church
4. the nation-state

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The Catholic Church was at the center of life in Europe during the Middle Ages.

1. the manor system and the importance of land ownership
2. absolute monarchies and strong central governments
3. decreased emphasis on religion in daily life
4. extensive trade with Asia and the Middle East

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Manorialism was the cornerstone of European society in the Middle Ages. Nobility who held land, the only thing of value during the period, ruled these manors.

1. an emphasis on social order
2. a representative government
3. many economic opportunities
4. the protection of political rights

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Feudal societies such as those found in Europe during the Middle Ages and in Japan prior to the Meiji Resoration, are dominated by rigid class systems in which the landed nobility controlled the daily lives of those living on their property in exchange for providing protection for them.

1. the strengthening of the feudal system
2. the adoption of Islamic religious practices
3. an increased demand for goods from the East
4. increased European isolation

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: As Crusaders brought back spices and other goods from the encounter in the Middle East, demand for these products in Europe increased.

1. human scientific achievements
2. religious themes
3. materialism
4. classic Greek and Roman subjects

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: Religious themes dominated the art of Europe during the Middle Ages because the Catholic Church was dominant in the lives of everyone during this era.

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1. Europeans maintained a lasting control over much of the Middle East
2. Islamic influence dominated Europe
3. Europeans developed tolerance of Non-Christian religions
4. trade between Europe and the Middle East was expanded

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: While Europeans were unable to maintain control of the Holy Land in the Middle East, trade between the two areas increased as demand grew for the spices and other items brought back to Europe by the Crusaders.

1. trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened
2. trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened
3. trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened
4. trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The Crusades provided new opportunities for the serfs living on medieval manors in Europe to travel to the Middle East to fight the Muslims. As the Crusades ended, Europeans brought back spices and other items which caused trade between the two areas to increase.

1. central government in Rome
2. military alliance between France and Germany
3. federation of the craft guilds
4. Roman Catholic Church

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The Catholic Church was at the center of life in Europe during the Middle Ages.

1. power was based on class relationships
2. equality among the social classes
3. direct democracy
4. monotheism

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Feudalism in Europe and Japan depended on a very rigid class structure in which the peasant labored for the upper class who provided them with land to live on and protection in times of warfare.

1. rapid social change
2. high literacy rate
3. industrial-based economy
4. rigid class structure

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Feudalism in Europe and Japan depended on a very rigid class structure in which the peasant labored for the upper class who provided them with land to live on and protection in times of warfare.

1. greater isolation of the region from the world
2. an increased demand for goods from the Middle East and Asia
3. the adoption of Islam as the official religion of many European nations
4. the strengthening of the feudal system

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: As the crusaders returned from the Middle East to Europe, they brought with them a sample of the exotic spices and goods available from that part of the world. This resulted in an increased demand for these luxury goods and fueled trade between Europe and the rest of the world.

1. led to a decline in the importance of the church in Western Europe
2. furthered cultural diffusion throughout Western Europe
3. introduced the Industrial Revolution to Western Europe
4. ended the western European quest for an overseas empire

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: As the crusaders returned from the Middle East to Europe, they brought with them a sample of the exotic spices and goods available from that part of the world. This resulted in an increased demand for these luxury goods and fueled trade between Europe and the rest of the world. A direct result of this trade was cultural diffusion as contact between these areas became more frequent.

1. birth
2. education and training
3. individual abilities
4. marriage

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Feudal Europe had a rigid class structure in which one’s status as a peasant or member of royalty was determined by birthright.

1. free market
2. socialism
3. manorialism
4. command

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The Manor System organized labor during the Middle Ages in Europe and provided those who lived on the manor with their basic economic needs.

1. permanent occupation of the Holy Land by the Europeans
2. long-term decrease in European trade
3. conversion of most Muslims to Christianity
4. spread of Middle Eastern culture and technology to Europe

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: As European Crusaders returned to Europe from the Middle East, they brought with them ideas and technologies. These included the Hindu-Arabic numbering system, the concept of zero, and sailing technologies such as the astrolabe and compass.

1. rivalry between the colonial empires
2. suppression of internationalism
3. decline of the Roman Catholic Church
4. collapse of a strong central government

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The collapse of the Roman Empire was finalized in 476 CE, when the city of Rome was sacked. For nearly 1,000 years afterward no single centralized government was able to maintain control of Europe. As a result, the region became dominated by feudalism in order to meet the basic need for protection which was necessary for survival.

1. The Crusades did not achieve their original goals, but they brought about many desirable changes in Europe.
2. Although the Crusaders captured the Holy Land, they were unable to bring about democratic reforms.
3. The Crusades helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire
4. The Crusaders prevented the Turks from capturing Constantinople for many centuries

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: The Crusades provided new opportunities for the serfs living on medieval manors in Europe to travel to the Middle East to fight the Muslims. As the Crusades ended, Europeans brought back spices and other items which caused trade between the two areas to increase.

1. favored separation from secular governments
2. avoided involvement in social and educational matters
3. was a strong force that divided many people
4. was a stabilizing influence during a period of weak central governments

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The Catholic Church was at the center of life in Europe during the Middle Ages.

1. establish Christianity in western Europe
2. capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers
3. unite warring Arab peoples
4. strengthen English dominance in the Arab world

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: The Europeans wanted to capture this area to protect Christian missionaries and pilgrims. Others reasons may include the hope for wealth and glory.